Arizona, USA
June 23, 2014
Two monarch butterflies sucking nectar on Common Milkweed, Asclepias syriaca. Of the 73 species of native milkweeds, this one is the most important for the monarch butterfly. (Photo courtesy of Ina Warren)
University of Arizona researchers are playing a leading role in an unprecedented effort to save America's most iconic butterfly, the monarch.
Due to loss of habitat for milkweed – the sole food plant of the caterpillars – populations of this important pollinator have plummeted in recent years, leaving the monarch in dire straits.
Laura Lopez-Hoffman, an assistant professor in the UA's School of Natural Resources and the Environment, and Gary Nabhan, who holds the W.K. Kellogg Endowed Chair in Sustainable Food Systems at the UA's Southwest Center, are helping bring together researchers, agencies, non-governmental organizations and grassroots movements to design and implement a recovery plan for the butterflies.
Experts say the monarch population will continue to decline if the loss of habitat for milkweed continues unabated. In addition, large-scale restoration of milkweed plants will be necessary to offset the losses of habitat that have occurred over the last 15 years.
To counteract this trend, leaders in Canada, Mexico and the U.S. agreed to launch a concerted effort to boost monarch populations. According to Nabhan, who has played a critical role in moving the monarch recovery plan forward, the effort involves habitat recovery on one of the biggest scales ever undertaken for an insect species in the history of North America.
"Arizona and the UA play a strategic role in this international effort because there is a wealth of expertise here of people who have worked on cross-border migratory issues, and also because Arizona is one of the most milkweed-rich states in the country," said Nabhan, who heads the Make Way for Monarchs alliance.
Each fall, millions of monarchs follow an internal compass guiding them along a route from the Great Plains in the U.S. to a patch of forest in the mountains about 70 miles west of Mexico City, clinging to trees in fluttering clusters of black and orange.
While overwintering monarchs covered 45 acres of forest in 1996, that area shrunk to a little more than a football field-size area in 2013, according to data collected by the World Wildlife Fund. Once blamed on deforestation in the Mexican wintering grounds, the catastrophic decline has recently been shown to be due to the disappearance of milkweed plants, which have declined by 58 percent in Plains states from 1999 to 2010. During the same time, monarch populations dropped 81 percent. An estimated 1.5 billion milkweeds have likely been lost from the summer breeding grounds in the Midwest and Southwest over the last two decades, according to Nabhan.
Along their migration path, which the monarchs complete over three to four generations, the butterflies depend on a steady supply of these plants, whose numbers have been dwindling in the wake of intensive farming. Following incentives of the Farm Bill signed into law earlier this year, many farmers plant biofuel crops on formerly fallow lands that played important roles as native habitat, and the more widespread use of herbicides has dealt further blows to the butterflies' food supply.
Lopez-Hoffman, who also is an assistant research professor at the UA's Udall Center for Public Policy Studies, has assembled a research group at the UA, including Ruscena Wiederholt, an assistant research scientist in School of Natural Resources and the Environment, that will help improve management practices to support monarch populations.
"We are going to develop a computer simulation of how the migration occurs, and that will help us understand where the loss of habitat is particularly causing problems," said Lopez-Hoffman, who is also an assistant research professor at the Udall Center for Public Policy Studies.
The monarch recovery plan calls for replanting milkweed along the migratory routes.
"The idea is to build corridors for monarch migration," Lopez-Hoffman said. "Right now, there are too many open questions. For example, where should the milkweed plants be located along the route, and how far apart do they need be spaced so the butterflies can find them? Our simulations will hopefully provide answers."
Another open question is whether sufficient seed stock is available for habitat restoration to represent a diverse variety of the 73 species of milkweed plants that occur in the U.S.
"We don't want to plant one type of milkweed from coast to coast," said Nabhan, who is currently working with industry partners and NGOs to ramp up seed production.
The recovery plan includes many groups from the U.S., Canada and Mexico. Within the group that is developing the science for the recovery, Nabhan and Lopez-Hoffman are collaborating with participants from universities including the University of Maryland, the University of Missouri, the University of Northern Iowa, Iowa state University, the National Autonomous University of Mexico and the University of Kansas. The effort also involves the U.S. Geological Survey, scientists from the Monarch Joint Venture, other NGOs, plus seed companies and other agencies.
Local partners in the recovery effort are the UA College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology in the College of Science, including the Tumamoc Hill Laboratory for Plants and People; and the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. The National Phenology Network, which is based at the UA and funded by the U.S. Geological Survey, will coordinate emerging efforts to involve citizen scientists in monitoring milkweed and monarch.
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