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Date: August 2023
Source: European Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO) Reporting Service [summ. Mod.DHA, edited]
https://gd.eppo.int/reporting/article-7670


In 2021 and 2022, leaf samples were collected from plants of different Poaceae species showing chlorotic leaf streak symptoms in central Iran. Molecular tests revealed the presence of _High Plains wheat mosaic virus_ (HPWMoV) in single or mixed infections with _Wheat streak mosaic virus_ in wheat (_Triticum aestivum_), barley (_Hordeum vulgare_), maize (_Zea mays_), oat (_Avena sativa_), millet (_Panicum miliaceum_) and Johnsongrass (_Sorghum halepense_). This is the 1st time that HPWMoV is reported from Iran and from Asia.

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Communicated by:
ProMED

[_High Plains wheat mosaic virus_ (HPWMoV; genus _Emaravirus_) has been reported from the Americas, Australia and most recently from Europe (in Ukraine, ProMED post 20200721.7595439). It can affect wheat, maize and related grasses (family of Poaceae). Symptoms in wheat are similar to _Wheat streak mosaic virus_ (WSMV; genus _Tritimovirus_) and _Triticum mosaic virus_ (TriMV; genus _Poacevirus_) and usually appear in warmer weather. They may include yellow blotches, streaks and mottling on leaves, as well as severe stunting, excessive tillering and possibly death of plants.

The 3 viruses may occur singly or in mixed infections. Co-infections can lead to synergistic increase of symptom severity and yield loss. The virus complex can cause major yield losses and is primarily transmitted by the wheat curl mite (_Aceria tosichella_). Infectious insects can be carried on air currents over long distances and affected plants often occur in patches or on the edges of a field, reflecting the movement of the vector.

Control of the mite vector is difficult. Disease management may include control of vector and virus reservoirs to minimise available inoculum, but relies mainly on use of cultivars with increased levels of resistance. However, development of crop varieties with stable resistance to multiple viruses is particularly difficult since each pathogen can be expected to mutate independently resulting in a range of changing combinations of strains.

Maps
Iran:
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/iran_pol01.jpg
Iran provinces:
https://www.mapsofworld.com/iran/maps/iran-political-map.jpg

Pictures
High plains disease:
http://www.wci.colostate.edu/Assets/jpeg/hpd.wheat.jpg (on wheat),
https://nematode.unl.edu/ppathper/photo6.jpg (on maize) and via
https://www.ipmimages.org/browse/subthumb.cfm?sub=14592 (photo gallery)
Wheat curl mite:
http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/php/research/2004/wheat/image/volunteer3.jpg, https://i.pinimg.com/originals/70/f9/4e/70f94ef425d35a9ec8188357d36a7591.jpg and
https://popecol.home.amu.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/wheat-curl-mite-705x529.png

Links
High plains disease and pathogen information:
https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/WHPV00,
https://pnwhandbooks.org/plantdisease/host-disease/wheat-triticum-aestivum-high-plains-disease, http://www.wci.colostate.edu/shtml/high.plians.disease.sweetcorn.shtml,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-017-1207-8, https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-20-0872-PDN and https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.7.696 (seed transmission in maize)
Information on TriMV, WSMV and HPWMoV:
https://cropprotectionnetwork.org/resources/articles/diseases/wheat-streak-mosaic-high-plains-disease-and-triticum-mosaic-of-wheat (with pictures),
https://grdc.com.au/research/reports/report?id=6261,
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/wheat-streak-mosaic-high-plains-disease-and-triticum-mosaic-three-virus-diseases-of-wheat-in-oklahoma.html and
https://doi.org/10.17170/kobra-202005281300 (WSMV in ginger)
Virus taxonomy via:
https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/
Information on wheat curl mite:
https://wiki.bugwood.org/HPIPM:Wheat_Curl_Mite,
https://grdc.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/203053/wheat-curl-mite.pdf.pdf and
https://entomology.k-state.edu/extension/insect-information/crop-pests/wheat/curlmite.html - Mod.DHA

ProMED map:
Iran: https://promedmail.org/promed-post?place=8712101,128]

See Also

2020
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High Plains wheat mosaic virus, wheat & maize - Europe: 1st rep (Ukraine) 20200721.7595439
2017
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Wheat streak mosaic virus - USA: (Great Plains) 20170904.5292929
Wheat viruses - USA: (KS) 20170526.5063886
2009
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Wheat viruses - USA: (MT) 20091026.3698
Wheat streak mosaic virus - USA: (ND) increase 20090907.3148
Wheat viruses - New Zealand: 1st reports 20090412.1402
2008
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Cereal viruses - USA: (OR, KS) 20080416.1363
2004
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Wheat streak mosaic virus - Argentina: 1st report 20040922.2614
High Plains virus, wheat - Australia (Qld) 20040410.0977
and additional items on wheat viruses in the archives

Website: http://www.isid.org

Published: September 14, 2023