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[1] _Tomato spotted wilt virus_ - Jordan: 1st report
[2] _Tomato infectious chlorosis virus_ - Jordan: 1st report


[1] _Tomato spotted wilt virus_ - Jordan: 1st report
Date: October 2007
Source: European Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO) Reporting Service no. 10, 2007/190 [edited] <http://archives.eppo.org/EPPOReporting/2007/Rse-0710.pdf>

First record of Tomato spotted wilt virus in Jordan

In Jordan, tomatoes showing necrotic and chlorotic ring patterns were observed in many vegetable markets in 2003. In 2004 and 2005, severe disease symptoms resembling those of _Tomato spotted wilt virus_ (genus _Tospovirus_, TSWV - EPPO A2 List) were observed in tomato fields in the Jordan Valley. Molecular tests (RT-PCR, IC-RT-PCR, sequencing) confirmed the presence of TSWV. This is the 1st report of TSWV in Jordan.

Reference
Anfoka GH, Abhary M, Stevens MR (2006): Occurrence of _Tomato spotted wilt virus_ (TSWV) in Jordan. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 36(3), 517-522

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[2] _Tomato infectious chlorosis virus_ - Jordan: 1st report
Date: October 2007
Source: European Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO) Reporting
Service no. 10, 2007/191 [edited]
<http://archives.eppo.org/EPPOReporting/2007/Rse-0710.pdf>

First record of Tomato infectious chlorosis virus in Jordan

In Jordan, symptoms resembling those of _Tomato infectious chlorosis virus_ (genus _Begomovirus_, TICV - EPPO A2 List) were observed in 2004 on tomato plants grown under greenhouses in the Jordan Valley. Molecular tests (RT-PCR, sequencing) confirmed the presence of TICV. The virus was also detected in weeds (_Chenopodium album_ and _C. murale_). The incidence of TICV was studied in 4 regions of the Jordan Valley. In all surveyed areas, disease incidence was high and ranged from 74 to 100 percent. This is the 1st record of TICV in Jordan.

Reference
Anfoka GH, Abhary MK (2007): Occurrence of _Tomato infectious chlorosis virus_ (TICV) in Jordan. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 37(1), 186-190

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[_Tomato spotted wilt virus_ (TSWV; type species of genus _Tospovirus_) has one of the broadest host ranges among plant viruses and has had a serious impact on many crop species worldwide causing up to 100 percent yield loss in some instances. On tomato, it affects both leaves and fruit causing spotting and necrosis. It is one of the few plant viruses with a host range that includes dicots and monocots. Weed species can serve as pathogen reservoirs.

TSWV is transmitted by various species of thrips, including the western flower thrips (_Frankliniella occidentalis_), the onion thrips (_Thrips tabaci_), and the chilli thrips (_Scirtothrips dorsalis_). The insects retain the ability to transmit the virus for life. TSWV is not seed transmitted but transmission by mechanical means has been reported. Disease management includes vector control, clean planting material, and phytosanitary measures. Natural resistance appears to be rare amongst tospovirus hosts. For more information on tospoviruses see ProMED-mail post 20070524.1670.

_Tomato infectious chlorosis virus_ (TICV, genus _Crinivirus_) is transmitted by the whitefly vector _Trialeurodes vaporariorum_. Insects remain infectious for 2-3 days after virus acquisition. It has been reported from southern Europe and a few locations in North America and Asia. Besides tomato, TICV can also affect artichoke, potato, lettuce, and several weed and ornamental species. Symptoms include interveinal leaf yellowing and necrosis. They may be confused with nutritional problems and are also similar to those of _Tomato chlorosis virus_, a related species in the same genus (see recent ProMED-mail post 20071215.4030).

TICV has been reported to cause serious yield losses in both glasshouse and field tomato crops. Since the insect vector is widespread, long distance spread of the virus occurs mainly with infected plant material. Disease management of whitefly transmitted viruses is difficult and includes vector control, removal of reservoirs of both virus and vectors, use of crop varieties with increased pathogen tolerance, and clean planting material.

Maps
Jordan:
<http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/jordan_pol_2004.jpg> and
<http://healthmap.org/promed?v=31.3,36.8,5>
Worldwide distribution of TSWV (Sept. 2006):
<http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/virus/Tomato_spotted_wilt_virus/TSWV00_map.htm>
Worldwide distribution of TICV (Dec. 2005):
<http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/virus/Tomato_infectious_chlorosis_virus/TICV00_map.htm>

Pictures:
TSWV symptoms on whole tomato plants:
<http://www.hos.ufl.edu/vegetarian/03/April/Mayfield_Fig1.jpg> and
<http://www.ag.auburn.edu/aaes/organicveg/images/clip_image002_000.jpg>
TSWV symptoms on tomato fruit:
<http://www.coopext.colostate.edu/4dmg/images/tswv1.jpg> and
<http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/copubs/ag/fnv/veg/005/spottedwilt.gif>
Western flower thrips:
<http://www.insectimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=4387048>  and
<http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text18/thrips.jpg>
TICV leaf symptoms, tomato:
<http://www.apsnet.org/online/feature/whitefly/image/virus4asm.jpg>  and
<http://www.apsnet.org/online/feature/whitefly/image/virus4bsm.jpg>
TICV-affected tomato field:
<http://www.apsnet.org/online/feature/whitefly/view.asp?ID=412>
_T. vaporariorum_:
<http://www.apsnet.org/online/feature/whitefly/view.asp?ID=404>

Links
TSWV information:
<http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/dp_hfrr/extensn/problems/tomswv.htm>,
<http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r783102211.html>,
<http://www.defra.gov.uk/planth/pestnote/tswv.htm>  and
<http://www.apsnet.org/online/feature/tospovirus/>
TSWV fact sheet:
<http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/factsheets/Virus_SpottedWilt.htm>
TSWV description:
<http://image.fs.uidaho.edu/vide/descr837.htm>
Description of western flower thrips vector:
<http://www.gladescropcare.com/wfthp.html>
Thrips information:
<http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text18/plantvectors.html>
TICV information:
<http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/virus/Tomato_infectious_chlorosis_virus/TICV00.htm>,
<http://www.defra.gov.uk/planth/pra/tomato.pdf>  and
<http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r783102911.html>
Information on whitefly transmitted viruses, including TICV:
<http://www.apsnet.org/online/feature/whitefly/>
TICV description:
<http://image.fs.uidaho.edu/vide/descr829.htm>
Genus _Crinivirus_ taxonomy and species list:
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.017.0.02.htm>
Information on whitefly vectors:
<http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r783301211.html>
EPPO quarantine alert list:
<http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/listA2.htm>.  - Mod.DHA]