Date: August 15 2006
From: ProMED-mail <promed@promedmail.org>
In this report:

[1] High incidence of cereal disease in Russia (Rostov region)
[2] Septoriosis - Kazakhstan (Kostanay)

[1] High incidence of cereal disease in Russia (Rostov region)
Date: 14 Jul 2006 [ProMED regrets the delay in posting]
From: ProMED-mail Russian Corresp.NP <promed@promedmail.org>
Source: Yugmedia.ru [translated by Mod NR, edited] <http://www.yugmedia.ru/ne_3537617>


55 percent of grain crops are affected with fungus in the Rostov region, which is more than 1.2 million hectares. According to the veterinary and phyto-sanitary surveillance center, Septoriosis and powdery mildew are the most prevalent among all other fungal diseases. The local government is having difficulty as a result of the disease in crops, and if crop fields are not treated [with fungicide - Mod.JAD], the disease can affect at least 15 percent of each field, which can lead to a loss of more than 800 000 rubles [USD 30 000] .

[2] Septoriosis - Kazakhstan (Kostanay)
Date: 14 Jul 2006 [ProMED regrets the delay in posting]
From: ProMED-mail Russian Corresp.NP <promed@promedmail.org>
Source: Inform.kz [translated by Mod NR, edited] <http://www.inform.kz/showarticle.php?lang=rus&id=156548>


300 000 to 600 000 grain fields are affected with Septoriosis in the Kostanay region. According to local experts, who studied less than 50 percent of fields, this is getting to be a big problem. In the beginning of the season the spread of Septoriosis was 455 000 hectares; now it affects about 150 000 hectares more, says the director of the methodical plant center, Vasiliy Bochekno. The main cause of Septoriosis [fungal] is sustained by rainy weather.
Increased humidity and lack of chemical treatment [fungicide Mod.JAD] is affecting the crops. According to further evaluation, Kostanay peasants need about 300 million tenge [USD 2 447 000] in local currency to organize measures for special chemical treatment of grain crops.

--
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>

[The cereal crop plant wheat (bread wheat,_Triticum aestivum_ and durum wheat, _Triticum turgidum_) develops symptoms of Septoriosis when infected with the fungus _Stagonospora nodorum_ (the cause of spike/glume blotch and leaf blotch), _Septoria tritici_ (the cause of leaf blotch), and _Stagonospora avenae triticea_.

The 2 reports in this posting point out the severe losses cereal crops like wheat, barley and rye can sustain in Russia and Kazakhstan from fungal diseases, especially those caused by species of _Septoria_ and _Stagonospora_. These pathogens cause diseases of cereals worldwide in what is sometimes referred to as the _Septoria_ complex. An article by Sanina, Paholkova & Chen described _Septoria_ diseases in Russia as follows:

"Among important fungal diseases on wheat in Russia, _Septoria_ diseases have been dominant. Crop losses from _Septoria_ diseases were up to 30-40 percent. Epidemics have occurred in 4-5 out of 10 years. Species causing _Septoria_ diseases identified on wheat in Russia were _Stagonospora nodorum_, _Septoria tritici_, and _Stagonospora avenae triticea_. The distributions and epidemic frequencies of the species were different in various regions. _S.
nodorum_ prevailed in the northern oblasts. _S. nodorum_ and _S.
tritici_ were approximately in equal proportions in the middle oblasts. _S. tritici_ was predominant in the southern oblasts. _S.
avenae triticea_ was found almost in all studied areas and was gradually increasing in proportion. _S. tritici_ prevailed at the early growth stage, while _S. nodorum_ increased as the season progressed. Both species were about equal in frequency by the soft dough stage."

The Kazakh Research Institute of Plant Protection is studying the populations of pathogens responsible for disease and working towards the development of resistant varieties.

The current impact of leaf rust in Irkutsk, Russia was reported in a companion posting (20060815.2287).

Map:
Rostov, Russia
<http://www.russiatrek.com/r_rostov.shtml>
Kostanay, Kazakhstan
<http://www.fallingrain.com/world/KZ/13/Qostanay.html>

Pictures: Septoria leaf spot, wheat
<http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/french/crops/facts/90-008f3.jpg>
<http://www.lta.lu/abteilungen/landwirtschaft/versuchsfelder/marktfruchtanbau/
produktionstechnik_everlingen/everlingen2002/sommergetreide2002/septoria_blatt.jpg>
Spike/glume blotch on grain head
<http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/pub811/images/6septf2.jpg>

Links:
<http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/Publications.htm?seq_no_115=199375>
<http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/Publications.htm?seq_no_115=199382>
<http://www.cimmyt.org/Research/Wheat/pdf/septoria_ago99.pdf>
<http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0543/>
<http://www.istc.ru/istc/sc.nsf/html/projects.htm?open&id=K-504>
<http://ipm.ppws.vt.edu/stromberg/smallgrain/biology/wgblotch.html>
- Mod.JAD]

[see also in the archive:
Leaf rust, wheat - Russia (Irkutsk) 20060815.2287
2005
----
Leaf rust, Septoria spp., wheat - Kazakhstan: corr. 20050825.2509 Leaf rust, Septoria spp., wheat - Kazakhstan 20050823.2488]