The state of Mexican agriculture has been a prominent topic of political, social, and economic discussion during much of the past year. Much of the debate was spurred by the announcement of the U.S. Farm Bill, the elimination of most tariffs and tariff-rate quotas under the provisions of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and the concern that portions of Mexico’s agricultural sector will be negatively affected by rising imports from the United States and Canada. To address these concerns, Mexico recently signed a national agricultural agreement that is designed to target more resources to Mexico’s rural poor. This report attempts to provide a snapshot of Mexico’s rural sector, highlighting a number of the key structural and demographic challenges that face this sector as we enter the final stages of the implementation of NAFTA.