Ottawa, Canada
July 31, 2007Source:
The Canadian Food
Inspection Agency (CFIA)
Document
DD2007-67
Determination of the Safety of Monsanto Canada
Inc.'s Soybean (Glycine
max (L.)
Merr.) Event MON 89788
This Decision Document has been
prepared to explain the regulatory decision reached under
Directive 94-08 (Dir94-08), entitled "Assessment Criteria
for Determining Environmental Safety of Plants with Novel Traits",
its companion biology document BIO1996-10, "The Biology of
Glycine max (L.)
Merr. (Soybean)", and
Directive 95-03 (Dir95-03), entitled "Guidelines for the
Assessment of Novel Feeds: Plant Sources".
The Canadian Food
Inspection Agency (CFIA), specifically the Plant Biosafety
Office, of the Plants Products Directorate, the Biotechnology
Environmental Release Assessment Unit of the Science Strategies
Directorate and the Feed Section of the Animal Health and
Production Division, has evaluated information submitted by
Monsanto Canada Inc. This
information is in regard to the tolerance of soybean event MON
89788 to glyphosate-based herbicides. The
CFIA
has determined that this plant with a novel trait (PNT) does not
present altered environmental risk nor, as a novel feed, does it
present livestock feed safety concerns when compared to
currently commercialized soybean varieties in Canada.
Taking into account
these evaluations, unconfined release into the environment and
use as livestock feed of soybean event MON89788 is therefore
authorized by Plant Biosafety Office of the Plant Products
Directorate and the Feed Section of the Animal Health and
Production Division as of July 3, 2007. Any soybean lines
derived from event MON 89788 may also be released into the
environment and used as livestock feed, provided that (i)
no inter-specific crosses are performed, (ii)
the intended uses are similar, and (iii)
it is known based on characterization, that these plants do not
display any additional novel traits and are substantially
equivalent to currently grown soybean in Canada, in terms of
their potential environmental impact and livestock feed safety.
Soybean event MON 89788
is subject to the same phytosanitary import requirements as its
unmodified counterpart.
Please note, that the livestock
feed and environmental safety of novel feeds and
PNTs are
critical steps in the potential commercialization of these plant
types. Other requirements, such as the evaluation of food safety
by Health Canada, have been addressed separately from this
review.
Table of Contents
I.
Brief Identification of the Modified Plant
II.
Background Information
III. Description of the Novel Trait
- Tolerance to Glyphosate
- Development Method
- Stable Integration into
the Plant Genome
IV.
Criteria for the Environmental Assessment
- Potential of Soybean event
MON 89788 to Become a Weed of Agriculture or be Invasive of
Natural Habitats
- Potential for Gene Flow
from Soybean event MON 89788 to Wild Relatives Whose Hybrid
Offspring May Become More Weedy or More Invasive
- Altered Plant Pest
Potential of Soybean event MON 89788
- Potential Impact of
Soybean event MON 89788 on Non-Target Organisms
- Potential Impact of
Soybean event MON 89788 on Biodiversity
V.
Criteria for the Livestock Feed Assessment
- Potential Impact of
Soybean event MON 89788 on Livestock Nutrition
- Potential Impact of
Soybean event MON 89788 on Livestock and Workers/Bystanders
VI.
New Information Requirements
VII. Regulatory Decision
| Designation
of the Modified Plant: |
Soybean
Event MON 89788,
OECD Unique Identifier MON-89788-1 |
| Applicant: |
Monsanto
Canada Inc. |
| Plant
Species: |
Soybean (Glycine
max (L.) Merr) |
| Novel
Trait: |
Tolerance
to glyphosate-based herbicides |
| Trait
Introduction Method: |
Agrobacterium-mediated
transformation |
| Proposed
Use of the Modified Plant: |
Commercial
production of soybean grain for human consumption and
for livestock feed. These plants are not intended to be
grown outside the normal cultivation area for soybean in
Canada. |
Monsanto Canada
Inc. developed, through the
use of recombinant DNA
techniques, a glyphosate-tolerant soybean. The soybean event,
designated as MON 89788, was developed to provide an alternative
method to control weeds in soybean production.
Soybean event MON 89788 was
developed using recombinant
DNA technology,
resulting in the introduction of the bacterial gene cp4
epsps
from Agrobacterium
sp. strain CP4. This gene encodes
the CP4 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (CP4 EPSPS)
enzyme, which has a much reduced affinity for glyphosate
relative to endogenous soybean
EPSPS
enzyme, thereby conferring glyphosate- tolerance to soybean
event MON 89788.
Monsanto Canada
Inc. has provided data on the
identity of soybean event MON 89788, a detailed description of
the transformation method, data and information on the gene
insertion site, gene copy number and levels of gene expression
in the plant and the role of the inserted genes and regulatory
sequences. The novel protein was identified and characterized.
Data was provided for the evaluation of the potential toxicity
of the novel protein to livestock and non-target organisms and
potential allergenicity of the novel protein to humans and to
livestock.
Soybean event MON 89788 has
been field tested in the United States and the data for trial
year 2005 were submitted. Some of the locations of these trials
share similar environmental and agronomic conditions to
Southwestern Ontario and were considered representative of major
Canadian soybean growing regions.
Agronomic characteristics of
soybean event MON 89788 such as seed dormancy, vegetative
vigour, time to maturity, flowering period, susceptibilities to
various soybean pests and pathogens, pre-harvest seed loss
characteristics and seed production were compared to those of
unmodified soybean counterparts. Pollen characteristics and
symbiotic interactions with the bacterium
Bradyrhizobium japonicum were also evaluated.
Nutritional components of
soybean event MON 89788, such as proximates, amino acids and
fatty acids were compared with those of unmodified soybean
counterparts.
The Plant Biosafety Office
(PBO) of the Plant products Directorate, in conjunction with the
Biotechnology Environmental Release Assessment (BERA) Unit of
the Science Strategies Directorate,
CFIA,
have reviewed the above information, in light of the assessment
criteria for determining environmental safety of
PNTs, as
described in the Directive 94-08 (Dir94-08), entitled "Assessment
Criteria for Determining Environmental Safety of Plants With
Novel Traits". The
BERA Unit has considered:
- potential of soybean event
MON 89788 to become a weed of agriculture or be invasive of
natural habitats;
- potential for gene flow
from soybean event MON 89788 to wild relatives whose hybrid
offspring may become more weedy or more invasive;
- potential for soybean
event MON 89788 to become a plant pest;
- potential impact of
soybean event MON 89788 or its' gene products on non-target
species, including humans; and
- potential impact of
soybean event MON 89788 on biodiversity.
The Feed Section of the Animal
Health and Production Division,
CFIA,
has also reviewed the above information with respect to the
assessment criteria for determining the safety and efficacy of
livestock feed, as described in Directive 95-03 (Dir95-03),
entitled "Guidelines for the Assessment of Novel Feeds:
Plant Sources". The Feed Section has considered:
- potential impact of
soybean event MON 89788 on livestock nutrition; and
- potential impact of
soybean event MON 89788 on livestock and workers/bystanders
Monsanto Canada
Inc. has provided the
CFIA
with a method for the detection and identification of soybean
containing the soybean event MON 89788.
| 1.
Tolerance to Glyphosate |
| |
A gene derived from
the Agrobacterium
sp. strain CP4 (cp4
epsps) which imparts field level tolerance
to glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup® brand
herbicides, was introduced into soybean, and the
transformation event was named MON 89788. A
plant-derived coding sequence expressing an optimized
chloroplast transit peptide was fused to the cp4
epsps coding sequence. This peptide
facilitates the import of the newly translated
EPSPS enzyme into the chloroplast, the site of
amino acid biosynthesis.
EPSPS is an enzyme involved in the shikimic acid
metabolic pathway which is essential for the production
of the aromatic amino acids. The native soybean
EPSPS enzyme is sensitive to glyphosate. The
herbicide disrupts the shikimic acid pathway, leading to
growth suppression or death of the plant. The CP4
EPSPS version of this enzyme is expressed in
soybean event MON 89788, and confers glyphosate
tolerance since it continues to catalyze the production
of aromatic amino acids in the presence of glyphosate
due to a reduction in the binding of glyphosate to the
CP4
EPSPS in comparison to the native soybean
EPSPS. The
CP4
EPSPS protein produced in MON 89788 soybean is
the same as the CP4
EPSPS protein produced in other Roundup Ready®
crops which have already been approved for unconfined
release and animal feed uses in Canada, including
soybean event GTS 40-3-2 and Roundup Ready 2 corn
(NK603).
The CP4
EPSPS protein has been subject previously to a
number of safety assessment studies. To obtain
sufficient quantities of CP4
EPSPS protein for evaluation of environmental and
feed safety, it was necessary to express the cp4
epsps gene in an
E. coli
production system. The equivalency of the MON 89788
soybean-produced CP4
EPSPS protein to the
E. coli-produced
CP4
EPSPS was evaluated by comparing their molecular
weights, immunoreactivity, glycosylation status,
N-terminal sequence analysis,
MALDI-TOF
mass spectrometry and functional activity. Based on the
results, the proteins were found to be equivalent.
Demonstration of
protein equivalence between
E. coli-
and MON 89788-produced CP4
EPSPS proteins allows utilization of the existing
data to confirm the safety of the CP4
EPSPS protein in MON 89788. Previous assessments
have shown that the CP4
EPSPS protein did not cause any adverse effects
in mice at a level of 572 mg/kg
body weight, and that the CP4
EPSPS protein, unlike many allergens, is readily
degraded in simulated mammalian gastric and intestinal
fluids. CP4
EPSPS protein expressed in MON 89788 soybean is
structurally and functionally similar to
EPSPS enzymes present in many foods with a long
history of safe use in Canada, and therefore would not
be expected to be toxic or allergenic. In addition,
Monsanto Canada Inc.
provided an updated bioinformatic evaluation of the CP4
EPSPS protein which confirmed the lack of
relevant similarities between the CP4
EPSPS protein sequence and sequences of known
allergens.
The cp4
epsps gene expressed in soybean event MON
89788 is linked to a constitutive promoter. Samples of
soybean tissues were collected at various growth stages
from five representative
US field trial sites. Average CP4
EPSPS protein expression in micro-grams protein
per gram dry weight tissue (g/g dwt) as evaluated by
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay are as follows:
290-340
g/g dwt in leaf, 74
g/g dwt in root, 220
g/g dwt in forage and 150
g/g dwt in grain. |
| 2.
Development Method |
| |
The elite soybean
variety A3244 was transformed with a binary plasmid
vector carrying the cp4
epsps gene. The gene were introduced via
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
transformation into A3244 meristem cells. Transformants
were selected based on tolerance to glyphosate. Event
MON 89788 was identified as a successfully transformed
event and was chosen for further development. |
| 3.
Stable Integration into the Plant Genome |
| |
Molecular
characterization by Southern blot analysis demonstrated
that soybean event MON 89788 contains one intact copy of
the cp4
epsps gene cassette inserted at a single
site in the soybean genome. Sequencing of the introduced
DNA
confirmed the sequence of the insert and the
organization of the genetic elements. No additional
elements, including intact or partial
DNA
fragments of the cp4
epsps cassette or backbone sequences, from
the plasmid vector, linked or unlinked to the intact
gene cassette, were detected in soybean event MON 89788.
The presence of the cp4
epsps gene cassette and absence of backbone
sequences in MON 89788 soybean was further confirmed by
Southern blot analyses over four generations of the MON
89788 breeding tree. Segregation analyses across three
generations were performed to determine the inheritance
of the glyphosate tolerance trait. The results of the
analyses are consistent with the finding of a single
active site of insertion that segregates according to
the Mendelian laws of genetics. |
| 1.
Potential of Soybean event MON 89788 to Become a Weed of
Agriculture or be Invasive of Natural Habitats |
| |
The biology of
soybean, described in the
CFIA
Biology Document BIO1996-10, shows that unmodified
plants of this species are not invasive of unmanaged
habitats in Canada. Soybean does not possess the
potential to become weedy due to the lack of seed
dormancy and the poor competitive ability of seedlings.
Soybean event MON 89788
was tested in 17 locations in 2005 in the
US. Some of
these locations share similar environmental and
agronomic conditions to Southwestern Ontario and were
considered representative of major Canadian soybean
growing regions. A total of 11 phenotypic
characteristics were evaluated: seedling vigor, early
stand count, days to 50% flowering, flower color,
lodging, pod shattering, final stand count, plant
height, grain test weight, grain moisture and yield. The
phenotypic characteristic data showed no biologically
meaningful differences between MON 89788 soybean and the
unmodified variety A3244, or a selection of commercially
available soybean varieties, and support a conclusion of
phenotypic equivalence to currently commercialized
soybean varieties. The seed dormancy and germination of
soybean event MON 89788 was compared with the unmodified
control variety A3244. No significant differences were
detected in percent germinated seed, percent dead seed,
and percent viable firm swollen seed. Additionally, no
viable hard seeds were detected in soybean event MON
89788 (viable hard seed is associated with seed
dormancy).
No significant
differences in percent viable pollen or average pollen
diameter were detected between MON 89788 soybean and the
A3244 control line.
Data on the
susceptibility to a range of insect pest and disease,
and response to abiotic stressors were also recorded at
each of the 17 field trial sites. No increase or
decrease outside of the reference range was observed in
any insect, disease, or abiotic stressor in MON 89788
soybean.
The introduction of the
glyphosate tolerance trait did not make MON 89788
soybean weedy or invasive of natural habitats since none
of the soybean's reproductive or growth characteristics
were modified and MON 89788's tolerance to abiotic and
biotic stresses was unchanged. No competitive advantage
was conferred to MON 89788 soybean, other than that
conferred by tolerance to glyphosate herbicide. The
emergence of MON 89788 soybean volunteer plants, should
they arise, can easily be managed by mechanical means
and other available chemicals currently used to control
Roundup Ready soybeans.
The agronomic
stewardship plan, which contains a herbicide tolerance
management plan, submitted by Monsanto Canada
Inc. was evaluated by
the
CFIA and determined to be satisfactory. The
herbicide tolerance management plan includes
recommendations on agricultural systems incorporating
glyphosate tolerant soybean and provides an efficient
mechanism for growers to report any agronomic problems
with this product to Monsanto Canada
Inc., facilitating the
ongoing management of glyphosate tolerant soybeans.
In the longer term, the
continued use any herbicide may increase selection
pressure for the development of herbicide resistant
weeds. This could result in the loss of the use of these
herbicides and any of their potential benefits.
Therefore, Monsanto Canada
Inc. will communicate essential elements of its
stewardship plan to growers and agriculture extension
personnel, in both private and public sectors, to
promote recommended management practices, such as use of
alternate control tools as appropriate to help minimize
the development of resistant weed populations.
On the basis of this
information, the
CFIA
concluded that the soybean event MON 89788 has no
increased weediness or invasiveness potential compared
to currently commercialized soybean varieties. |
| 2.
Potential for Gene Flow from Soybean event MON 89788 to
Wild Relatives Whose Hybrid Offspring May Become More
Weedy or More Invasive |
| |
The biology of
soybean, as described in
CFIA
Biology Document BIO1996-10, shows that soybeans exhibit
a high percentage of self-fertilization and cross
pollination is usually less than one percent, suggesting
that any pollen flow from cultivated soybeans to related
species is minimal. Natural hybridization between
cultivated soybean and the wild annual species
Glycine soja can occur.
G.
soja is not naturalized in North America,
and although this species could occasionally be grown in
research plots, there are no reports of its escape from
such plots to unmanaged habitats.
The
CFIA
has therefore concluded that the potential for gene
transfer from MON 89788 soybean to soybean relatives in
managed ecosystems is negligible, and that there is no
potential for gene transfer to related wild species in
Canada. |
| 3.
Altered Plant Pest Potential of Soybean event MON 89788
|
| |
The novel trait
(tolerance to glyphosate) is unrelated to plant pest
potential, and soybean is not considered a plant pest in
Canada. Ecological evaluations of MON 89788 soybean did
not show any increase or decrease in susceptibility to
any insect or disease stressor that was outside of the
reference range generated from commercial soybean
varieties grown at the same locations. These stressors
included 12 pest insects and 18 diseases.
The
CFIA
has, therefore, determined that the soybean event MON
89788 does not display any altered pest potential
compared to currently commercialized soybean varieties. |
| 4.
Potential Impact of Soybean event MON 89788 on
Non-Target Organisms |
| |
The safety of the CP4
EPSPS protein to non-target organisms, including
humans, has previously been established. CP4
EPSPS protein expressed in MON 89788 soybean
tissues is the same as the CP4
EPSPS protein produced in Roundup Ready soybean
event GTS 40-3-2, which has a history of safe use in
Canada.
Composition analyses
showed that the levels of key nutrients and
anti-nutrients in MON 89788 soybean seed and forage are
comparable to those in commercial soybean varieties.
Ecological evaluations
of MON 89788 soybean did not show any increase in
resistance to insects or pathogens compared to
commercial soybean varieties.
Ecological evaluations
showed that the abundance of beneficial arthropods in
MON 89788 soybean plots was equivalent to that in
conventional soybean grown at the same locations. The
beneficial organisms assessed included the seven spotted
ladybeetle (Anatis septempunctata),
green lacewing (Chrysoperla
rufilabris), Nabis
sp.,
Orius sp., and
spiders.
Based on the above, the
CFIA
has determined that the unconfined release of soybean
event MON 89788 will not result in altered impacts on
interacting organisms, including humans, compared to
current commercial soybean varieties. |
| 5.
Potential Impact of Soybean event MON 89788 on
Biodiversity |
| |
Soybean event MON
89788 has no novel phenotypic characteristics that would
extend its range beyond the current geographic range of
soybean production in Canada. Since soybean has no wild
relatives with which it can outcross in Canada, there
will be no transfer of the glyphosate tolerance trait
from MON 89788 soybean to plants in unmanaged
environments.
MON 89788 soybean does
not pose a risk to interacting non-target organisms. In
addition, Monsanto Canada
Inc. provided data showing that the introduction
of the glyphosate-tolerance trait does not alter the
symbiotic relationship between the bacterium
Bradyrhyzobium japonicum
and MON 89788 soybean compared to conventional soybean.
MON 89788 soybean
provides an alternative method of weed control in
soybean production. The use of broad spectrum herbicides
has the intended effect of reducing local weed
populations within agricultural fields and this may
reduce local weed species biodiversity, and possibly
other trophic levels which utilize these weed species.
It must be noted, however, that reduction in weed
biodiversity in agricultural fields is not unique to the
use of plants with novel traits, and is a common
practice in virtually all modern agricultural systems.
The
CFIA
has therefore concluded that the potential impact on
biodiversity of soybean event MON 89788 is equivalent to
that of currently commercialized soybean varieties. |
| 1.
Potential Impact of Soybean event MON 89788 on Livestock
Nutrition |
| |
Nutritional
Composition and Anti-Nutritional Factors
The compositional
equivalence of MON 87988 to its isogenic control A3244
was assessed from five replicated sites in the
US. Whole
forage and seed samples were analyzed for proximate,
ADF,
NDF,
amino acids, fatty acids, Vitamin E and isoflavones
(daidzein, glycitein and genistein). No statistically
significant differences were observed between MON 89788
and A3244 forage for fat, ash, protein,
ADF and
NDF,
except for moisture. All means were within the tolerance
interval generated for commercial reference soybean and
also within literature values. In the combined-site
analyses, there were no statistically significant
differences between MON 89788 and A3244 grain for ash,
fat, protein, ADF
and NDF.
No statistically significant differences were observed
between MON 89788 and A3244 grain for all amino acids
measured. All means were within the tolerance interval
of the commercial reference soybean. No statistically
significant differences were observed between MON 89788
and A3244 grain for all fatty acids analyzed across
locations. All means were within the commercial
tolerance interval. Vitamin E was statistically
significantly higher in MON 89788 compared to A3244
grain in the combined-site analyses, however no
statistically significant differences were observed
within sites, and all means were within the commercial
tolerance interval and literature values. Diadzein and
glycitein were statistically significantly lower in MON
89788 than A3244 grain, while no statistically
significant differences were observed between MON 89788
and control for genistein. No consistent significant
differences were observed within sites for the
isoflavones. All means were within the commercial
tolerance interval and also within the variation of
literature values.
The evidence provided
by Monsanto Canada Inc.
supports the conclusion that the nutritional composition
of soybean line MON 89788 is substantially equivalent to
its isogenic control A3244.
Anti-Nutrients
Phytic acid, trypsin
inhibitor, lectin, raffinose and stachyose were analyzed
in MON 87988 grain and compared to A3244 control. The
levels of raffinose and stachyose were statistically
significantly lower in MON 89788 than A3244 in one site,
while raffinose was statistically higher in the test
than control in another site. No statistically
significant differences were however observed between
MON 87988 when compared to A3244 grain for trypsin
inhibitor, phytic acid, lectin, raffinose and stachyose
across locations. All means were within the conventional
tolerance interval and also within literature values. |
| 2.
Potential Impact of Soybean event MON 89788 on Livestock
and Workers/By-standers |
| |
EPSPS is an enzyme present in many feeds with a
long history of safe use in Canada, and therefore would
not be expected to be toxic or allergenic. The CP4
EPSPS enzyme is from
Agrobacterium strain CP4, a soil bacterium,
which is not a known human or animal pathogen. The amino
acid sequence of the CP4
EPSPS protein found in event MON 89788 is
identical to the CP4
EPSPS protein in Roundup Ready crops previously
approved in Canada. CP4
EPSPS shares no biologically relevant significant
homology with known toxins or allergens, it is present
in small amounts in the feed, it is heat labile and it
is rapidly degraded under the conditions present in the
gastrointestinal tract.
An acute mouse gavage
study demonstrated that the CP4
EPSPS is not toxic. No treatment-related adverse
effects were observed in animals administered CP4
EPSPS protein by oral gavage at doses up to 475
mg/kg
body weight.
Based on the predicted
exposure levels and the results of the above tests, no
significant risk to livestock and workers/by-standers is
expected from exposure to the CP4
EPSPS protein in soybean event MON 89788. |
If at any time, Monsanto Canada
Inc. becomes aware of any
information regarding risk to the environment, including risk to
human or animal health, that could result from release of
soybean event MON 89788 materials in Canada or elsewhere,
Monsanto Canada Inc. will
immediately provide such information to the
CFIA.
On the basis of such new information, the
CFIA
will re-evaluate the potential impact of event MON 89788 on the
environment, livestock and human health, and may re-evaluate its
decision with respect to the livestock feed use and
environmental release authorizations of soybean event MON 89788.
Based on the review of the data
and information submitted by Monsanto Canada
Inc., and through comparisons
of soybean event MON 89788 with unmodified soybean counterparts,
the Biotechnology Environmental Release Assessment Unit of the
Science Strategies Directorate,
CFIA,
has concluded that the novel gene and its corresponding trait
does not confer to soybean event MON 89788 any characteristic
that would result in unintended environmental effects following
unconfined release.
Based on the review of
submitted data and information by Monsanto Canada
Inc., including comparisons of
soybean event MON 89788 with its unmodified soybean
counterparts, the Feed Section of the Animal Health and
Production Division has concluded that the introduced gene and
its corresponding trait will not confer to soybean event MON
89788 any characteristic that would raise any concerns regarding
the safety or nutritional composition of soybean event MON
89788. Soybean grain, its byproducts and soybean oil are
currently listed in Schedule IV of the
Feeds Regulations and are, therefore, approved for use
in livestock feeds in Canada. Soybean event MON 89788 has been
assessed and found to be as safe as and as nutritious as
traditional soybean varieties. Soybean event MON 89788 and its
products are considered to meet present ingredient definitions
and are approved for use as livestock feed ingredients in
Canada.
Taking into account
these evaluations, unconfined release into the environment and
use as livestock feed of soybean event MON89788 is therefore
authorized by Plant Biosafety Office of the Plant Products
Directorate and the Feed Section of the Animal Health and
Production Division as of July 3, 2007. Any soybean lines
derived from event MON 89788 may also be released into the
environment and used as livestock feed, provided no
inter-specific crosses are performed, provided the intended uses
are similar, and provided it is known based on characterization
that these plants do not display any additional novel traits and
are substantially equivalent to currently grown soybean in
Canada, in terms of their potential environmental impact and
livestock feed safety.
Soybean event MON 89788
is subject to the same phytosanitary import requirements as its
unmodified counterparts.
Please refer to
Health Canada's Decisions on Novel Foods for a description
of the food safety assessment of soybean event MON 89788. The
food safety decisions are available at the following Health
Canada web site:
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/gmf-agm/appro/index_e.html
This bulletin is published by
the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. For further information,
please contact the Feed Section or Plant Biosafety Office at:
Feed
Section
Animal Health and Production Division
Animal Products Directorate
59 Camelot Drive
Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0Y9
Telephone: 613-225-2342
Facsimile: 613-228-6614 |
Plant
Biosafety Office
Plant Products Directorate
59 Camelot Drive
Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0Y9
Telephone: 613-225-2342
Facsimile: 613-225-6140 |
|
|
