West Lafayette, Indiana
January 30, 2003

Taking a clue from air purification systems used in surgical suites, Purdue University researchers have discovered that ozone can eliminate insects in grain storage facilities without harming food quality or the environment.

Ironically, the gas is being touted as a fumigant alternative in response to an international treaty banning the use of ozone-layer harming chemicals currently used to rid food storage facilities of insects. When ozone is used for killing grain insects, it lasts for a very short period of time without
damaging the environment or the grain, the Purdue scientists report in the January issue Journal of Stored Products Research.

"Ozone has a very short half-life and we're using relatively low dosages, but enough to kill an insect," said Linda Mason, Purdue entomology associate professor and co-author of the study. "The chemicals currently used can kill everything in and around the grain bin, including people. With ozone, we're not generating ozone at deadly concentrations, and we have better control over it when it's present." Purdue's Post Harvest Grain Quality Research team began its studies in response to the 1987 Montreal Protocol, an international agreement to prohibit substances deemed dangerous to the Earth's ozone layer. One such substance is methyl bromide, commonly used against crop pests in the soil and in grain storage facilities. Beginning in 2005, it no longer will be available. A replacement for chemical fumigants is imperative because insects not only eat the grain, they defecate on it causing development of fungi, primarily Fusarium and Aspergillus. These fungi can release potentially deadly mycotoxins that can cause illness in most livestock and have been linked to some forms of human cancer. In humans, approximately 76 million cases of food-borne disease occur annually in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Experts estimate that 5 percent to 10 percent of the world's food production is lost each year because of insects, and in some countries that figure is believed to be as high as 50 percent.

Linda Mason, an associate professor of entomology, and other members of Purdue University's Post Harvest Grain Quality Research team used mesh bags filled with corn and other grains and infested with insects to test ozone as a fumigant alternative. They found that the gas effectively kills grain-damaging bugs without harming grain quality or the environment. (Purdue Agricultural Communications photo/Tom Campbell)

In the latest study, Purdue researchers used ozone to treat rice, popcorn, soft red winter wheat, hard red winter wheat, soybeans and corn. They used five-gallon plastic pails and 50-gallon steel drums, storage bins filled with grain, and buried mesh bags all filled with grain and a known number of grain-eating bugs to test ozone's killing efficacy. The team's previous studies on ozone flow and effectiveness in eliminating insects were done either in similar storage containers or in 500-bushel bins built for pilot studies at the Purdue Agronomy Farm.

The ozone treatment of grain included two applications of ozone. In the first, the ozone moves through the grain slowly because the gas reacts, or bonds, with matter on the grain surface. This first treatment allows ozone to react with most of the grain surface and degrades the ozone, Mason said. With the second ozone application, the gas moves through the grain more quickly because it isn't slowed by reactions with the grain. This allows the ozone to kill the insects by reacting with them rather than the grain.

Testing different grains allowed the scientists to answer two important questions. One was whether ozone flowed differently through grains that were less porous or of a different kernel size than corn, such as wheat. The second was how exposure to ozone affects the quality of food products made
from the treated grain.

Dirk Maier, a Purdue agricultural and biological engineering professor, studied how to make the ozone flow efficiently and effectively through grain storage bins. Charles Woloshuk, a botany and plant pathology professor, studied ozone effects on molds and mycotoxins. Fidel Mendez, a botany master's degree student, studied the final products produced from the treated grain to determine if they were the same quality as those made from untreated grain.

"We wanted to determine if the grain looked any different; if it milled the same way; if it made flour the same way. Does bread taste the same when made from ozonated wheat?" Mason said. "Essentially, there were no differences. The food industry can take grain that's been treated with ozone and know it
won't affect their ability to come up with the same products in the end."

The team also checked how ozone treatments affected amounts of important amino acids and essential fatty acids, fats not produced by the body. The treatments caused no significant difference in any of the nutritional and metabolic values of these substances in any of the grains studied, Mason
said.

The scientists began their study after a company that uses ozone air purification systems in hospitals noticed that air vents were cockroach free. Absence of cockroaches in a large building is unusual, so the researchers tested various ozone doses on different insects and found the gas was fatal to bugs.

"All the species we tested seemed affected," Mason said. "The only ones we don't have control over are immature weevils since they are hidden within the kernels. Ozone, unlike chemical fumigants, doesn't penetrate into the kernel enough to kill immature insects."

Currently, the researchers are studying ways to use ozone as a preventative treatment by possibly sealing of grain storage facilities with layers of ozone, much the way a jelly jar is capped with wax.

The USDA National Research Initiative provided funding for this study.

Writer: Susan A. Steeves, (765) 496-7481, ssteeves@aes.purdue.edu
Source: Linda Mason, (765) 494-4586, lmason@purdue.edu
Dirk Maier, (765) 494-1175, maier@purdue.edu

Related Web sites:

Linda Mason: http://entm29.entm.purdue.edu/directory/entm/81.htm

Dirk Maier: https://Engineering.Purdue.edu/ABE/Fac_Staff/faculty/maier.whtml

Purdue University Grain Quality & Stored Product Protection Program:
http://www.grainquality.org

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Food-borne Illness:
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol5no5/mead.htm

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ABSTRACT
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Penetration of ozone into columns of stored grains and effects on chemical composition and processing performance

F. Mendez a, D.E. Maier b, L.. Mason c, C.P. Woloshuk a (a Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 1155 Lilly Hall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907 USA; b Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; c Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA )

Previous investigations have indicated the effectiveness of ozonation to control insects and fungi in stored grain. To further evaluate the efficacy of ozone for pest control, the current study investigated the flow characteristics of ozone through a less porous grain than maize such as wheat, and the effects of long exposure to a high ozone concentration (50 ppm) on grain quality for end-users of the grain. The flow of ozone through a 3-m column of wheat was similar to that previously observed for maize,
having a Phase 1 in which the ozone rapidly degraded as the ozone front moved through the grain and a Phase 2 in which the ozone moved freely through the grain with little degradation. Increasing the velocity of ozone flow from 0.02 to 0.04 m/s facilitated deeper penetration of wheat in a Phase 1 state. Treatment of grains with 50 ppm ozone for 30 d had no detrimental effect on popping volume of popcorn, fatty acid and amino acid composition of soybean, wheat, and maize, milling characteristics of wheat and maize, baking characteristics of wheat, and stickiness of rice. These data indicate that, if repeated ozone treatments are needed, such treatment should not decrease the quality of grain for end-users. (2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Keywords: Fumigation; Ozone; Grain quality; Pest management

A copy of the research paper referred to in this release is available from the Agricultural Communications Office, (765) 494-8396.